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两袖清风，一生清白

1.1两袖清风，一生清白

于谦（1398—1457年），字廷益，号节庵，明朝浙江钱塘人（今浙江杭州）。出身于仕宦世家，幼年时聪颖过人，23岁考中进士，历任御史、巡抚、兵部侍郎、兵部尚书等职，加封太子少保。为官清廉刚直，是明朝著名的政治家、军事家。

据《续藏书》记载，于谦在河南、山西等地任巡抚时，奉诏入京议事，临行前，属僚们都劝他，即使不带重金前往，难道也不拿一两件地方土特产以方便结交一下当朝权贵吗？于谦笑着举了举自己的两只袖子说：“我只有清风而已。”并赋诗一首以表明心迹：“手帕蘑菇与线香，本资民用反为殃。清风两袖朝天去，免得闾阎话短长。”

于谦长期在地方任官，十分了解民间疾苦。他认为手帕、蘑菇、线香（注：用香料研末制成，形制细长如线，故得名，可入药。）都是地方土特产，本来可以作为老百姓生活补贴之用，但是如果将其作为联络朝中权贵的物品，那老百姓就会反受其累，生产生活受到侵扰，所以他入京时从不带任何礼物，不给老百姓增加负担。于谦在河南、山西等地任巡抚长达19年，政声卓著，清名远播。在任期间，他体察民间疾苦，惩治土豪恶霸，兴修水利，改良农业生产，并为民请命，不避权贵，被百姓称为“于青天”。

于谦一生清正廉洁，即使是在他荣宠极盛的景帝时期，也从不恃权谋利，一切以国家社稷利益为本。《明史》记载，英宗复辟后，于谦被下狱抄家，“家无余赀”。与之形成鲜明对比的是继任兵部尚书陈汝言，他是石亨一党，不到一年就“赃累巨万”。石亨一党倒台后，英宗亦后悔冤杀了于谦。后来，继任的几位明朝皇帝陆续为于谦昭雪，下诏复官、赐谥、建祠等。1590年，万历皇帝又下诏将于谦的谥号由“肃愍”改为“忠肃”。

“千锤万凿出深山，烈火焚烧若等闲。粉身碎骨浑不怕，要留清白在人间。”于谦年轻时写的这首明志诗——《石灰吟》正是他一生清白的真实写照。

1.2 Lifelong Integrity—Nothing but Breeze in the Sleeves

Yu Qian (1398-1457), courtesy name Tingyi and pseudonym Jie’an,was a native of Qiantang, Zhejiang Province (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) during the Ming Dynasty. Born in a familyof officials, he was very intelligent in childhood. At the age of 23, he became a successful candidate in the imperial examinations, andlaterserved ascensor,provincial governor, assistant minister of war, minister of war, and so on. Hewas invested as Prince Shaobao (junior mentor for the crown prince).Honest and upright, Yuwas a famousstatesmanand militarystrategistof the Ming Dynasty.

According toCollectedBooksContinued,asthe governor of He’nan, Shan’xi,orother provinces,Yu Qianwassometimes summonedby the monarchtothe capitalfor audience.Beforehis departure,his subordinatesadvised him totakesomelocal specialties,if not valuables, with whichto facilitate the friendship with the powerful in court.At this,Yu smiledandsaid,raisinghis sleeves, “AllIhave isonly thebreeze.”He evenwrote a poem tobarehissoul,“How commonproducts, like silk handkerchiefs, mushrooms and incense, / have nowbroughtthe populacenothing but hardship! /And with only coolbreezein thesleevesbefore his MajestyIshall have my presence, / lest Ishould besubjectedto all the streetgossip.”

Having longbeen a local official,Yu Qianunderstoodverywell thetravails of theordinarypeople. Heknewhandkerchiefs, mushrooms and thread incense (incense in slender shape,made of ground spices,henceits name;it can be used as medicineingredient) were all local specialties andsupplemented the income of families. However, if they were usedas giftstocotton up tothe powers-that-bein thecourt, thepractitionerswouldbe burdened insteadand their production and life would be disrupted. Therefore, he never brought anypresents when hepaid visits tothe capital, so as not toafflictthe people.For 19 years,Yu Qian served as governor of Henan, Shanxi and other places, making outstanding achievements and earning a corruption-freereputationeverywhere he went. During his tenure, heempathized withthe plight of the people,punished the tyrants andvillains, built water conservancy, improved agricultural production, and pled for the people, never afraid of power. Thus, he is known as “Yu Qingtian”—literally,“Yu the Clear Sky”.

Yu Qian led a life of integrity and honesty. Even during his time as a highly esteemed official under Emperor Jing, he never abused his power for personal gain and always prioritized the interests of the state. According toThe History of the Ming Dynasty, after the restoration of Emperor Ying, Yu Qian waswrongly throwninto prison,but no surplus wealth was found inhis ransackedhouse. In sharp contrast, Chen Ruyan, the succeedingMinister of War,who wasa member of Shi Heng's Clique, had "accumulated bribes worthy of ten thousand silver coins"in less thanoneyear. After the downfall of Shi Heng’sfaction, Emperor Ying regretted killing Yu Qian wrongly. Later, several successive emperors of the Ming Dynasty came to justice for Yu Qian, issuing edicts to restorehisofficialpositions, grantinghimposthumous titles, and buildingatemplefor his deeds. In 1590, Emperor Wanlisigned an edict topromoteYu Qian's posthumous title from "Su Min" to "Zhong Su".

“You come out of deep mountains after hammer blows / Under fire and water tortures you’re not in woes / Though broken into pieces,you will have no fright / You’ll purify the world by washing it e’er white.” The poemofSong of the Limecomposedby Yu Qian in his youth is a true portrayal of his lifelong integrity.

翻译：赖永娈 孙嘉琳 孙月涓

校对：童红灯